Classical Capsules (शास्त्रोक्त केपस्यूल)
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Evolution of Capsules: From Traditional Dosage Forms to Modern Delivery
Ayurveda traditionally relied on dosage forms such as Churna, Kwatha, Kalka, Avaleha, Vati, and Ghrita, designed to suit digestion, doshic balance, and therapeutic intent. Among these, Churna and Vati were closest to solid oral dosage forms. However, with changing lifestyles, palatability concerns, portability needs, and global acceptance, Ayurveda gradually adopted modern pharmaceutical dosage systems—without altering the classical principles of formulation.
The capsule emerged as a bridge between classical wisdom and modern convenience. Instead of replacing Ayurvedic formulations, capsules became a container system, allowing traditional formulations to be delivered in a standardized, patient-friendly manner. Thus, classical powders, extracts, and herbo-mineral preparations began to be enclosed in hard gelatin capsules, preserving formulation integrity while improving compliance.
Types of Capsule
| Type | Origin | Advantage | Disadvantage |
| Hard Gelatin Capsules | Animal-derived (collagen from bovine/porcine origin) | Short to medium shelf-life products | Moisture-sensitive herbal powders may cause shell softening |
| HPMC Capsules (Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose) | Plant-derived cellulose | Better stability for powders | Consistent disintegration even in low gastric acid |
| Pullulan Capsules | Natural polysaccharide from fermented tapioca starch | Superior protection for volatile phytoconstituents | Higher cost & Sensitive to high humidity |
| Starch-Based Capsules | Modified plant starch | Higher moisture sensitivity than HPMC | Limited compatibility with hygroscopic ingredients |
Hard gelatin capsules are now widely used to encapsulate:
- Single herb powders (Ekal Churna)
- Compound powders (Sanyukta Churna)
- Standardized extracts
- Classical Rasayana formulations
- Herbo-mineral preparations (where permitted by regulation)
Importantly, the formulation inside the capsule remains classical; only the mode of administration changes.
Types of Hard Gelatin or HPMC Capsules used in Ayurveda:
| Capsule Size | Approx. Fill Capacity | Common Use |
|---|---|---|
| Size 0 | ~500 mg | Most Ayurvedic formulations |
| Size 00 | ~700–800 mg | Bulk powders / extracts |
| Size 1–3 | 300–400 mg | Potent formulations, pediatric use |
Based on Composition
- Transparent Capsules – Used for pure powders or visually acceptable contents
- Colored Capsules – Used to protect light-sensitive ingredients or improve product identity
- Opaque Capsules – Common for bitter, hygroscopic, or multi-ingredient blends
Based on Fill Material
- Powder-filled capsules (most common)
- Granule-filled capsules
- Pellet-filled capsules
- Semi-solid filled (limited Ayurvedic use)
Disclaimer:
This guideline is based on Ayurvedic classical principles and intended for educational use. Practitioners should use their clinical judgment, patient assessment, and individualized protocol before prescribing classical capsule in actual clinical settings.